Thursday, July 20, 2006
Blood worksheet
Thanks to Nancy Rumore for all her work on this worksheet
1. Blood
Connective tissue
Formed elements suspended in plasma (nonliving fluid matrix)
Spin blood in a centrifuge:
Erythrocytes 45% of total volume of blood HEMOCRIT
aka RBC transports O2
Leukocytes aka WBC protects the body
Platelets stops bleeding
Both only make up 1% of total volume of blood
Also called BUFFY COAT
Plasma makes up remaining 55% of blood
Blood pH is 7.35 – 7.45
Five times thicker than water
8% of body weight
5 – 6 liters of blood in body
5 for females 6 for guys
Purposes:
Delivers O2 and nutrients
Transports wastes
Transports hormones
Regulates body temp by absorbing heat and distributing heat
Maintain pH
Maintains fluid volume
Platelets and plasma proteins form clots to prevent blood loss
Prevents infection with WBC, antibodies, etc
Blood and its elements
1) RBC -Erythrocytes – erythrocyte cells – anucleate – transport O2
2) WBC – Lymphocytes –leukocyte cells – Granulocytes
Granulocytes: a) Neutrophil – phagocytose bacteria
b) Eosinphil – kills parastic worms
c) Basophil – releases histamines
3) Platelets –Agranulocytes
a) Lymphocytes – B-cells, T-cells – immune response
b)Monocytes – become macrophages- phagocytosis
Platelets – blood clotting
RBC production
Formed in yolk sac, liver. Spleen in embryo
Formed in vascular sinuses of red bone marrow in adults
Hemocytoblast (stem cell)- has nucleus but cannot make Hemoglobin
How RBC cells are formed: ERYTHROPOIESIS
Stages of RBC formation: Hemocytoblast – Proerythroblast-early erythroblast – late erythroblast-normoblast (hemoglobin accumulation) -reticulocyte (ejection of nucleus) - erythrocyte
EPO is a glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the production or erythrocyte production
Produced by liver and mostly by kidneys
When kidney cells become hypoxic (need O2) -accelerates release of EPO.
EPO formation is triggered by:
drop in # of RBC due to hemorrhage or RBC destruction
reduced O2 available
exercise
EPO in blood causes hemocytoblasts to mature into erythrocytes faster
Testosterone also increases EPO production by kidneys
Chemicals released by leukocytes, platelets and
reticular cells stimulate EPO production
RBC destruction
RBC lasts about 120 days – go to spleen “red blood cell graveyard” removed by macrophages
Hemoglobin is split up into HEME and GLOBIN
Iron in Heme binds to a protein and is stored
The rest of heme is degraded to bilirubin, yellow pigment, bound to albumin. Sent to intestine where it is metabolized to urobilinogen, is sent out of body in feces as a brown pigmented sterocobilin (Textbook explanation)
As shown in handout, Iron in Heme breaks down to iron and biliverdin (which is converted to bilirubin and removed from body in bile salts)
Iron goes to bone marrow and is reused
1/15 of RBC removed everyday
Erythrocyte Disorders
Anemia
Insufficient no. of RBC due to hemorrahaging, rupture of erythrocytes, destruction of red bone marrow
Low hemoglobin content
Iron deficiency, deficiency of Vit B12
Abnormal hemoglobin - Sickle cell, thalassemia
Polycythemia- Excess erythrocytes –sluggish blood
WBC Production
The only formed elements that are complete cells with nuclei and organelles.
Account for only 1% of total blood volume.
Less numerous than RBC
Crucial to our defense against disease, bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins and tumor cells
RBC are confined to bloodstream, while WBC can slip in and out of the capillary blood vessels
Two major categories:
Granulocytes – neutrophils, basophils, and eosinphils
Mostly neutrophils
Agranulocytes – lymphocytes (T and B cells),monocytes (macrophages)
Leukocyte disorders – leukemias, mononucleosis
Platelets are not cells in the strict sense. They are cytoplasmic fragments of extraordinary large cells.
They are essential for clotting where blood vessels or ruptured. They age quickly and degenerate in 10 days if not involved in clotting.
Vessels constrict accelerating coagulation
Prothrombin with Ca and phospholipids converts to thrombin (enzyme)
Thrombin cataylyzes the joining of fibrinogen molecules to become fibrin mesh which traps blood cells and seals the hole.
Prothrombin and fibrinogen are proteins formed by liver
Vit K is essential in making the liver synthesize prothrombin
BLOOD PLASMA
All formed elements removed – straw colored
92% water
Proteins 7% of plasma
Albumines – 60% of proteins – liver produces
Globulins – 36% of proteins Alpha and Beta transport lipids and are made by liver
Fibrinogen – 4% of proteins – made by liver
Non-protein substances – urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinin
Nutrients
Regulatory substances (hormones, enymes)
Resp gases
Electrolytes
Blood is classified as CT because it satisfies the requirement that it transports substances in the body.
2.Arteries, Veins and Capillaries
Arteries carry blood away from the heart (oxygenated)
Veins carry blood to the heart (deoxygenated or dirty blood)
Blood that travels from the heart thru arteries goes to arterioles (little arteries) that feed into capillary beds of tissues and organs
Blood drains from the capillaries into venules (smallest veins)
The blood from venules go to larger veins that eventually go back to the heart
Blood vessel walls have three layers called tunics
1)Tunica interna or tunica intima is the innermost layer
contains endothelium (simple squamous epithelium) that is a continuation of the endocardial lining of the heart.
2)tunica media is circulary arranged smooth muscle cells and sheets of elastin which is regulated by vasomotor nerve (vasodilation or vasoconstriction occurs here)
3)tunica externa or adventitia is loosely woven collagen fibers that protect the vessel contains nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels and elastin fibers
Tunica media is thick in arteries and thin in veins
Tunica externa is thin in arteries and thick in veins
Capillaries have only the endothelium and sparse basal lamina
They are the smallest blood vessels
Arteriosclerosis narrows arteries and thickens the walls of the arteries
The aorta and coronary arteries are most often affected
It is caused by a variety of things: bacterial infections, viral infections, hypertension, poisons like arsenic, most likely plaque which seems to injure the endothelial cells. When plaque nicks the cells, they repair themselves by depositing all kinds of things like LDLs, elastin fibers which are deposited, etc. Build up results in the thickening of the walls.
1. Blood
Connective tissue
Formed elements suspended in plasma (nonliving fluid matrix)
Spin blood in a centrifuge:
Erythrocytes 45% of total volume of blood HEMOCRIT
aka RBC transports O2
Leukocytes aka WBC protects the body
Platelets stops bleeding
Both only make up 1% of total volume of blood
Also called BUFFY COAT
Plasma makes up remaining 55% of blood
Blood pH is 7.35 – 7.45
Five times thicker than water
8% of body weight
5 – 6 liters of blood in body
5 for females 6 for guys
Purposes:
Delivers O2 and nutrients
Transports wastes
Transports hormones
Regulates body temp by absorbing heat and distributing heat
Maintain pH
Maintains fluid volume
Platelets and plasma proteins form clots to prevent blood loss
Prevents infection with WBC, antibodies, etc
Blood and its elements
1) RBC -Erythrocytes – erythrocyte cells – anucleate – transport O2
2) WBC – Lymphocytes –leukocyte cells – Granulocytes
Granulocytes: a) Neutrophil – phagocytose bacteria
b) Eosinphil – kills parastic worms
c) Basophil – releases histamines
3) Platelets –Agranulocytes
a) Lymphocytes – B-cells, T-cells – immune response
b)Monocytes – become macrophages- phagocytosis
Platelets – blood clotting
RBC production
Formed in yolk sac, liver. Spleen in embryo
Formed in vascular sinuses of red bone marrow in adults
Hemocytoblast (stem cell)- has nucleus but cannot make Hemoglobin
How RBC cells are formed: ERYTHROPOIESIS
Stages of RBC formation: Hemocytoblast – Proerythroblast-early erythroblast – late erythroblast-normoblast (hemoglobin accumulation) -reticulocyte (ejection of nucleus) - erythrocyte
EPO is a glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the production or erythrocyte production
Produced by liver and mostly by kidneys
When kidney cells become hypoxic (need O2) -accelerates release of EPO.
EPO formation is triggered by:
drop in # of RBC due to hemorrhage or RBC destruction
reduced O2 available
exercise
EPO in blood causes hemocytoblasts to mature into erythrocytes faster
Testosterone also increases EPO production by kidneys
Chemicals released by leukocytes, platelets and
reticular cells stimulate EPO production
RBC destruction
RBC lasts about 120 days – go to spleen “red blood cell graveyard” removed by macrophages
Hemoglobin is split up into HEME and GLOBIN
Iron in Heme binds to a protein and is stored
The rest of heme is degraded to bilirubin, yellow pigment, bound to albumin. Sent to intestine where it is metabolized to urobilinogen, is sent out of body in feces as a brown pigmented sterocobilin (Textbook explanation)
As shown in handout, Iron in Heme breaks down to iron and biliverdin (which is converted to bilirubin and removed from body in bile salts)
Iron goes to bone marrow and is reused
1/15 of RBC removed everyday
Erythrocyte Disorders
Anemia
Insufficient no. of RBC due to hemorrahaging, rupture of erythrocytes, destruction of red bone marrow
Low hemoglobin content
Iron deficiency, deficiency of Vit B12
Abnormal hemoglobin - Sickle cell, thalassemia
Polycythemia- Excess erythrocytes –sluggish blood
WBC Production
The only formed elements that are complete cells with nuclei and organelles.
Account for only 1% of total blood volume.
Less numerous than RBC
Crucial to our defense against disease, bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins and tumor cells
RBC are confined to bloodstream, while WBC can slip in and out of the capillary blood vessels
Two major categories:
Granulocytes – neutrophils, basophils, and eosinphils
Mostly neutrophils
Agranulocytes – lymphocytes (T and B cells),monocytes (macrophages)
Leukocyte disorders – leukemias, mononucleosis
Platelets are not cells in the strict sense. They are cytoplasmic fragments of extraordinary large cells.
They are essential for clotting where blood vessels or ruptured. They age quickly and degenerate in 10 days if not involved in clotting.
Vessels constrict accelerating coagulation
Prothrombin with Ca and phospholipids converts to thrombin (enzyme)
Thrombin cataylyzes the joining of fibrinogen molecules to become fibrin mesh which traps blood cells and seals the hole.
Prothrombin and fibrinogen are proteins formed by liver
Vit K is essential in making the liver synthesize prothrombin
BLOOD PLASMA
All formed elements removed – straw colored
92% water
Proteins 7% of plasma
Albumines – 60% of proteins – liver produces
Globulins – 36% of proteins Alpha and Beta transport lipids and are made by liver
Fibrinogen – 4% of proteins – made by liver
Non-protein substances – urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinin
Nutrients
Regulatory substances (hormones, enymes)
Resp gases
Electrolytes
Blood is classified as CT because it satisfies the requirement that it transports substances in the body.
2.Arteries, Veins and Capillaries
Arteries carry blood away from the heart (oxygenated)
Veins carry blood to the heart (deoxygenated or dirty blood)
Blood that travels from the heart thru arteries goes to arterioles (little arteries) that feed into capillary beds of tissues and organs
Blood drains from the capillaries into venules (smallest veins)
The blood from venules go to larger veins that eventually go back to the heart
Blood vessel walls have three layers called tunics
1)Tunica interna or tunica intima is the innermost layer
contains endothelium (simple squamous epithelium) that is a continuation of the endocardial lining of the heart.
2)tunica media is circulary arranged smooth muscle cells and sheets of elastin which is regulated by vasomotor nerve (vasodilation or vasoconstriction occurs here)
3)tunica externa or adventitia is loosely woven collagen fibers that protect the vessel contains nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels and elastin fibers
Tunica media is thick in arteries and thin in veins
Tunica externa is thin in arteries and thick in veins
Capillaries have only the endothelium and sparse basal lamina
They are the smallest blood vessels
Arteriosclerosis narrows arteries and thickens the walls of the arteries
The aorta and coronary arteries are most often affected
It is caused by a variety of things: bacterial infections, viral infections, hypertension, poisons like arsenic, most likely plaque which seems to injure the endothelial cells. When plaque nicks the cells, they repair themselves by depositing all kinds of things like LDLs, elastin fibers which are deposited, etc. Build up results in the thickening of the walls.
